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The knob-billed duck (''Sarkidiornis melanotos''), or comb duck, is an unusual, pan-tropical duck, found in tropical wetlands in sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar and south Asia from Pakistan to Laos and extreme southern China. It also occurs in continental South America south to the Paraguay River region in eastern Paraguay, southeastern Brazil and the extreme northeast of Argentina,〔 and as a vagrant on Trinidad. It is the only known species of the genus ''Sarkidiornis''. The supposed extinct "Mauritian comb duck" is based on misidentified remains of the Mauritian shelduck (''Alopochen mauritianus''); this was realized as early as 1897,〔 but the mistaken identity can still occasionally be found in recent sources. ==Description and systematics== This common species is unmistakable. It is one of the largest species of duck. Length can range from , wingspan ranges from and weight from .〔Ogilvie & Young, ''Wildfowl of the World''. New Holland Publishers (2004), ISBN 978-1-84330-328-2〕〔(''Sarkidiornis melanotos'' (Comb duck, Knob-billed duck) ). biodiversityexplorer.org〕 Adults have a white head freckled with dark spots, and a pure white neck and underparts. The upperparts are glossy blue-black upperparts, with bluish and greenish iridescence especially prominent on the secondaries (lower arm feathers). The male is much larger than the female, and has a large black knob on the bill. Young birds are dull buff below and on the face and neck, with dull brown upperparts, top of the head and eyestripe.〔〔 Immature knob-billed ducks look like a large greyish female of the cotton pygmy goose (''Nettapus coromandelicus'') and may be difficult to tell apart if no other birds are around to compare size and hue. If seen at a distance, they can also be mistaken for a fulvous whistling-duck (''Dendrocygna bicolor'') or a female maned duck (''Chenonetta jubata''). The former is more vividly colored, with yellowish and reddish brown hues; the latter has a largely dark brown head with white stripes above and below the eye. However, knob-billed ducks in immature plumage are rarely seen without adults nearby and thus they are usually easily identified too.〔 The knob-billed duck is silent except for a low croak when flushed.〔 There are two easily distinguished subspecies.,〔 in fact, some taxonomists consider them to be distinct species: * Knob-billed duck (''Sarkidiornis melanotos melanotos'') (Pennant, 1769) (also called ''nakta'' in South Asia〔Presumably after ''naak'' meaning nose. E. H. Johnston (1936) Bird-Names in the Indian Dialects. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies 8(2/3):599-601.〕) or Old World knob-billed duck (''Sarkidiornis melanotos melanotos'') from the Old World :Larger; flanks lighter (light grey, in females sometimes whitish) * Comb duck (''Sarkidiornis melanotos sylvicola'') (Ihering & Ihering, 1907) from South America :Smaller; flanks darker (black in males, medium grey in females). File:Comb duck.jpg|Male knob-billed duck File:Comb Duck (female) I IMG 0985.jpg|Female knob-billed duck File:Amerikanische Höckerglanzgans Sarcidiornis sylvicolor 05 (1).jpg|Male South American knob-billed duck (''S. m. sylvicola'') File:Amerikanische Höckerglanzgans Sarcidiornis sylvicolor 050807.jpg|Female comb duck File:Knob-billed duck 1.jpg|Female comb duck Uncertainty surrounds the correct systematic placement of this species. Initially, it was placed in the dabbling duck subfamily Anatinae. Later, it was assigned to the "perching ducks", a paraphyletic assemblage of waterfowl most of which are intermediate between dabbling ducks and shelducks. As the "perching ducks" were split up, the knob-billed duck was moved to the Tadorninae or shelduck subfamily.〔 In addition, Some taxonomists separate the two subspecies into distinct species. Analysis of mtDNA sequences of the cytochrome ''b'' and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 genes, however, suggests that it is a quite basal member of the Anatidae, vindicating the earliest placement. But its closest living relatives cannot be resolved to satisfaction without further study.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Knob-billed duck」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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